萃取富集火焰原子吸收法测定香菇棒中的铅镉

用HNO3-HClO4消解香菇茵棒样品，以DDTC为络合剂，四氯化碳为萃取剂萃取消解液，用HNO3-H2O2混合液反萃取，火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定水相中的铅镉，结果令人满意。     

液化石油气钢瓶爆破强度的概率分布研究

应用数理统计方法，对液化石油气钢瓶爆破强度进行了分析，得到如下2个结论：①在显著度为5％时，描述爆破强度实测值与预测值之比的随机变量符合正态分布；②在置信度为99％时，分析得到了该随机变量分布参数的取值范围。     

林火对景观格局的影响及其应用

通过查阅国内外有关林火与景观生态学的资料，综述了景观对林火的可能响应过程，从景观尺度上，分析了林火干扰对景观的结构、功能、动态、格局及多样性规律的双重影响。分析了景观格局对林火的影响，阐述了林火与景观的相互关系，列举了林火在景观生态学研究中的作用。     

MODELING ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM FORESTED WATERSHEDS ACROSS THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: About 50 to 80 percent of precipitation in the southeastern United States returns to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration. As evapotranspiration is a major component in the forest water balances, accurately quantifying it is critical to predicting the effects of forest management and global change on water, sediment, and nutrient yield from forested watersheds. However, direct measurement of forest evapotranspiration on a large basin or a regional scale is not possible. The objectives of this study were to develop an empirical model to estimate long‐term annual actual evapotranspiration (ART) for forested watersheds and to quantify spatial AET patterns across the southeast. A geographic information system (GIS) database including land cover, daily streamflow, and climate was developed using long term experimental and monitoring data from 39 forested watersheds across the region. Using the stepwise selection method implemented in a statistical modeling package, a long term annual AET model was constructed. The final multivariate linear model includes four independent variables—annual precipitation, watershed latitude, watershed elevation, and percentage of forest coverage. The model has an adjusted R² of 0.794 and is sufficient to predict long term annual ART for forested watersheds across the southeastern United States. The model developed by this study may be used to examine the spatial variability of water availability, estimate annual water loss from mesoscale watersheds, and project potential water yield change due to forest cover change.     

林火对土壤结构的影响

通过对大兴安岭新林林业局 2 0年内不同年数间隔的 10块火烧迹地土壤进行调查取样和室内实验分析 ,发现不同年限、不同强度的火烧迹地土壤结构变化情况如下 :低、中强度火烧对土壤密度和孔隙度的影响不大 ,对土壤分散系数有一定影响 ;高强度火烧对土壤密度、孔隙度和分散系数的影响显著。降雨能使火烧迹地的土壤密度和分散系数升高、孔隙度下降。连年火烧使土壤密度比未烧林地下降 ,而孔隙度和分散系数升高。由此可见 ,高强度火烧对土壤结构破坏严重 ,而低中强度火烧对土壤坚实度和孔隙状况影响不大 ,但对土壤的保水保肥能力有显著影响。     

异质森林火灾模型及火灾扑救对森林生态系统的影响

森林火灾元胞自动机模型是研究自组织临界性的经典模型之一。这一模型中森林用一个二维网格来表示，其中每个格点代表一棵树或代表空地，各节点的树具有相同的生长概率和着火概率，以一定的规则进行演化。这一模型没有考虑树木间的差别，因而是同质的。我们考虑到不同树木间由种类、树龄等原因引起的生长概率与着火概率的不同，改进了经典森林火灾模型，提出了一个异质森林火灾模型，并研究了这一模型的自组织临界性。在新模型的基础上，研究了火灾扑救对森林群落分布的影响，给出了模拟结果，该结果与实际的观测结果得到符合。该文的研究可望对森林火灾预测及研究火灾扑救对森林生态系统的影响具有一定的意义。     

日本森林火灾相关数据的分布研究

为了构建森林火险分级系统，需要对森林火灾、气象参数、人口和树种参数进行详细分析。这些参数的原始数据都是一些离散的记录，如果将它们合理地分解成详细数据是数据分析中的核心工作之一：该文研究了日本全国范围内森林火灾及其相关数据的分解方法。在日本的格点分级系统中，日本领土按照经纬度分为大小近似相同的格点，一个三级格点的大小约为一平方公里。我们尝试将1999年和2000年的火灾相关参数的原始数据利用简单的三点反距离加权插值方法分解到三级格点上，并对分解的结果进行了分析。本文工作展示了日本森林火灾及其相关参数的基础数据，可供森林火灾研究人员参考；数据分解的结果对进一步的数据处理和火险分级系统的最终构建具有推进作用。     

NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATIONS IN FOREST STREAMS OF THE UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: Seventy to eighty percent of the water flowing in rivers in the United States originates as precipitation in forests. This project developed a synoptic picture of the patterns in water chemistry for over 300 streams in small, forested watersheds across the United States. Nitrate (NO₃^?) concentrations averaged 0.31 mg N/L, with some streams averaging ten times this level. Nitrate concentrations tended to be higher in the northeastern United States in watersheds dominated by hardwood forests (especially hardwoods other than oaks) and in recently harvested watersheds. Concentrations of dissolved organic N (mean 0.32 mg N/L) were similar to those of NO₃～, whereas ammonium (NH₄⁺) concentrations were much lower (mean 0.05 mg N/L). Nitrate dominated the N loads of streams draining hardwood forests, whereas dissolved organic N dominated the streams in coniferous forests. Concentrations of inorganic phosphate were typically much lower (mean 12 mg P/L) than dissolved organic phosphate (mean 84 mg P/L). The frequencies of chemical concentrations in streams in small, forested watersheds showed more streams with higher NO₃^? concentrations than the streams used in national monitoring programs of larger, mostly forested watersheds. At a local scale, no trend in nitrate concentration with stream order or basin size was consistent across studies.     

安徽"两山一湖"区域生态不稳定因素辨识及其对策

通过对“两山一湖“区域生态系统的分析,认识到影响该区域生态不稳定的主要因素是人类活动对野生动植物栖息地的破坏、毁林垦种、外来物种入侵、森林火灾等;提出了保护森林资源、调整土地利用结构、实行退耕还林、推广水流域综合治理、加强物种保护、预防松材线虫病和森林火灾、建立以森林为主体的生态安全保障体系.     

STORMFLOW AND SEDIMENT LOSS FROM INTENSIVELY MANAGED FOREST WATERSHEDS IN EAST TEXAS1

ABSTRACT: Five small (4 ha) forested watersheds in East Texas were instrumented in December 1980 to determine the effect of forest harvesting, mechanical site preparation, and livestock grazing on stormflow, peak discharge rate, and sediment loss. After three pretreatment years, four of the watersheds were treated as follows: (1) clearcutting followed by roller chopping; (2) clearcutting following by shearing and windrowing; (3) clearcutting following by shearing, windrowing, and continuous grazing; and (4) clearcutting followed by shearing, windrowing, and rotational grazing. Clearcut harvesting and all site preparation treatments significantly increased stormflow, peak discharge, and sediment losses over the undisturbed condition. Roller chopping and shearing/windrowing had little impact on sediment loss from these watersheds and appears to be a sound forest conservation practice for gently sloping watersheds (> 8 percent). As applied, livestock grazing had minimal impact on stormflow and peak discharge. The moderately stocked continuously grazed treatment had little impact on sediment loss, but the high stocking density of the rotational grazing treatment increased sediment losses over the undisturbed condition. Sediment losses from these intensively managed forest watersheds, even though significantly greater than from undisturbed conditions, were within the range of sediment losses from undisturbed watersheds in the Southeast, below the range of losses from mechanically prepared watersheds elsewhere, and well below potential losses from pasture and cropland.